SOLVING GEOGRAPHY NECTA 2007

GEOGRAPHY
(For Both School and Private Candidates)

Instructions

TIME: 3 Hours


1. This paper consists of sections A, B, C and D.

2. Answer all ​questions in sections A, B and C and ​one (1)​ question from each part of section D.

3. Map extract of Kigoma sheet 92/3 is provided.

4. Credit will be given for the use of relevant sketch maps and diagrams.

5. Cellular phones are not​ allowed in the examination room.

6. Electronic calculators are not​ allowed in the examination room.

7. Write your Examination Number ​on every page of your answer booklet(s)

SECTION A (25 Marks)

Answer ​all​ questions in this section.

PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY

1. For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and Write its letter beside the item number.

    (i). Clay as a parent rock can be classified as __________ rock.

         A. pervious

         B. porous

         C. permiable

         D. impermiable

         E. permiable and impermiable


    (ii). Circular depressions which are formed by glaciations in the highlands are

         A. caldera

         B. craters

         C. cirques

         D. hanging valleys

         E. arêtes.


    (iii). A drainage pattern, which looks like a tree with its branches is called

        A. trellised

        B. dendritic

        C. radial

        D. centripetal

        E. annular.


   (iv). The second layer of the earth’s crust is known as

       A. sial

       B. sima

       C. mantle

       D. core

       E. götenburg gap.


 (v). Wadis, Bajada, Buttes and Mesa are examples of __________ features.

       A. wind erosion and deposition

       B. glacial erosion and deposition

       C. wave erosion and deposition

       D. desert water erosion and deposition

       E. river erosion and deposition


(vi). Which one of the following combinations form chemical weathering?

       A. Organic acid and weak carbonic acid.

       B. Temperature change and frost action.

       C. Exfoliation and carbonation.

       D. Mud flow and land slides.

       E. Organic acid and temperature change.

 (vii). A vertical feature formed out of the solidification of magma within the earth’s crust is Called

       A. phacolith

       B. sill

       C. dyke

       D. lopolith

       E. lacolith.


(viii). A coral reef with a circular elliptical shape enclosing a lagoon is called

      A. fringing reef

      B. barrier reef

      C. lagoon

      D. a toll

      E. planktons.


(ix).If the temperature at 500 metres where the tourists start climbing mount Kilimanjaro is 20°C. What will be the temperature when they reach 2,000 metres above sea level?

      A. 10°C.

      B. 5°C.

      C 11°C.

      D. 12°C.

      E. 15°C.


(x). The process in which a river renews its erosion in its valley is called

      A. regime

      B. rejuvenation

      C. capture

      D. cavitation

      E. abrasion.


2.Match the items in ​List A​ with the responses in ​List B​ by writing the letter of the correct
response besides the item number.

List A	List B
(i). The galaxy from which the solar system containing the planet earth is found.  (ii). A large area on the earth’s surface with uniform characteristics of temperature, rainfall and vegetation. (iii). A thin blanket of air surrounding the earth. (iv). A process that course the wrinkling of the earth’s surface rocks. (v). The destruction of rocks by temperature change	A. Atmosphere B. Ozone layer C. Compressional force D. Tensional force E. Milky way F. Andomedal spire G. Weathering H. Erosion  I. Natural region  J. Equatorial climate

3.Explain the formation of barchans and seif dunes

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                SECTION B (27 Marks)

Answer ​all ​questions this section.

STATISTICS, RESEARCH TECHNIQUES AND SIMPLE SURVEYING AND LEVELLING

4. State the differences between the following types of data:

    (a)Discrete and continuous.

    (b)Single and grouped.


5. Giving examples, explain how you can conduct a field research.


6. (a )Name the ​three (3)​ types of topographical surveying.

    (b)What is the importance of chain survey?

SECTION C (28 Marks)
Answer ​all​ questions in this section.

MAP READING AND PHOTOGRAPHY INTERPRETATION

7.Study the map extract of Kigoma sheet 92/3 and answer the following questions.

   (a) Outline the importance of scale in a map.

   (b) Measure the distance of the railway line.

   (c) Calculate the area of Lake Tanganyika.

   (d) What factors have influenced the location of Kigoma town?

   (e) Explain the main socio-economic activities carried out in the area.


8.Carefully study the photograph provided and answer the questions that follow.

   (a)Name the type of the photograph.

 (b)State the scale of the photograph.

 (c)Explain the main physical features found in the area.

 (d)State the main activities of the area.

SECTION D (20 Marks) 
Answer ​one (1)​ question from each part.

PART 1 

REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES 

9. Explain the main characteristics of nomadic pastoralism in East Africa and suggest the main ways of improving pastoralism in the region.

10. Explain the main factors which have influenced the ship industry in Japan.

PART II

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

11.(a) Define the term ecosystem.

     (b)What are the major causes of the loss of biodiversity?


12.(a)What are the main characteristics of human population?

     (b)State the main factors that influence population distribution.

ANSWERS(GEOGRAPHY NECTA 2007)

1.

i	ii	iii	iv	v	vi	vii	viii	ix	x
D	C	B	B	D	A	C	D	C	B

(ix) SOLUTION.

find

Different in altitude
2000m-500m=1500m

Temperature decrease by 0.6°c for every 100m of altitude.

So
100m=0.6°c
1500=X

X= (1500×0.6)÷100
X= 9°c

Then 20°c-9°c=11°c

Therefore, temperature at 2000m will be 11°c

2.

i	ii	iii	iv	v
E	I	A	C	G

3. A barchans dunes also sometimes referred to as acrescentic dunes , are U-shaped type of sand dunes that consists of horns or tips that point downwind or against the wind. Sand supply is abundant where barchans occur along with a hard ground and a constant wind direction. Barchans can usually be found around shrubs and larger rocks as these act as anchors to hold the central area of the dune in place whereas the tips are blown away by the wind.

    Seif Dunes are long and tall sand dunes with a sharp crest, occur common in the Sahara.

FORMATION OF BARCHANS AND SEIF DUNES

A barchan dune can form when a lot of sand is present in the desert. A steady wind from one direction is needed. The face of a barchan is very steep. As sand escapes over the top of the dune, it forms a trailing wall that is not steep, extending further backward and meeting the desert floor. The trailing wall has a rounded shape from the ends on either side toward the middle, like the form of a crescent moon when it is one quarter full. If there is a substantial change in wind direction, the crescent form can be destroyed.

Seif dunes developed from small sand ridges and as they slowly move forward in the direction of the prevailing wind. Seifs are separated by flat corridor which are swept clear of sand by the prevailing wind. The dunes are continuously being developed by sand particles which are raised up by wind eddies.

4. The following are the differences between the following

    a. Discrete and continuous data.

Discrete data is information that can be categorized into a classification. Discrete data is based on counts. Only a finite number of values is possible, and the values cannot be subdivided meaningfully. It is a data that can not be broken down into a smaller unit and add additional meaning. It is typically things counted in whole numbers.

Continuous data are numbers that can be expressed with infinite figures of possible values that fall between any two observed values. It can be described in fractions and decimals.

    b. Single and grouped.

Single Data are statistics or values given for each individual item in a sample. Single data has not been organized into groups. It is just a list of numbers. Example Single data can list of lions in the forest e.g 05, 15, 20, 50...

Grouped Data is data that has been organized into classes. Grouped data has been classified and some data analysis has been done, which means this data is no longer raw.

5. Research can be defined as a careful and systematic investigation in some fields of knowledge or a systematic process of collecting information and interpreting it.

    Field Research is an approach to field work in which problem solving forms element. It involves investigating and testing a problem of geographical nature.

    The following are the stages I can use to conduct field research

    (i) Problem identification

The way i can do in order to conduct research is to identify problem which is related to subject of interest example when I want to conduct research about climate must I identify problem relate to that topic.

    (ii). Literature review

I can review the collection of ideas presented by different scholars in different books, reports or journals. The collection of such Ideas is normally done focusing on the objective of the study in question. This stage guide me to do a research on what other researchers have not gone through in order to avoid repetition.

    (iii) Formulation of hypothesis

A hypothesis is the tentative prediction of outcome or result. So on this stage I can predict the outcome of the result and guess the outcome of the interest.

    (iv) Establishment of a study design.

I will take time to think to design the people who will participate in the research study, how many and where they will be found in relation to the kind of information i want.
Also I will think how best research tools will collect my information.

    (v) Reconnaissance.

This is a pilot study of the area before the actual data collection is done. I will test a small with equivalent features needed for the research, especially the tools of the research before the actual study is conducted. Thereafter, the data collection is conducted after ensuring that the tools are in the best condition to bring the expected outcome.

    (vi) Data collection

In order to collect accurate data in a field, I need to be carefully identify the appropriate method to use, the method are also regarded as research tools, research tools include observation, interview, questionnaire and group discussing method.

    (vii) Analysis of the collected data

The data I will obtain makes no sense until it answer the questions asked in the problem. I will involves the conversion of the information into sensible ideas. This stage involves some mathematics ,description, organization and interpretation.

    (viii) Data interpretation

After analyzing the data I will identify the kind of data I needs to solve the problem. Data are presented either in tables or graphs of different Kind like bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts. To present data in these forms simplifies presentation of massive information and simplifies its interpretation.

     (ix) Testing hypothesis.

After data presentation, I will be in position to answer questions asked in each step during data analysis. The analyzed data should be prove true or false for the hypothesis.

     (x) Report writing /presentation.

This is the last step of a research. On this stage I will publicize the finding by writing report.
The report is important for the research due to the following reasons.

   (a) It exposes the problems which have been researched and their implications

   (b) It fully presents the outcome of data of the research.

   (c) It provides the data around the problem.


6.(a) The three types of topographical surveying are

      (i) Chain Surveying

      (ii) Plane table Surveying and

      (iii) Prismatic compass Surveying.

(b) Chain surveying is a method of Surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure.

The following are the importance of Chain Surveying

      (i) It is suitable for small areas of fairly open ground.

      (ii) It is used to fill in details on a map whose large features have been surveyed by other methods.

      (iii) It is used in mapping small areas of flat or near-flat ground and associated objects, for example paths, roads and railways.

      (iv) It is used in adding detail to existing plans or large maps.

      (v) It is the only method in surveying used for measuring distances. Other used to measure angle and heights.


7.(a) Importance of scale in a map helps to show relationship between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the earth's surface. Example of scale 1:50000, this scale show that 1 centimetre on a map represent 50000 centimeters on the actual distance.

   (b) To measure the distance of the railway lineusing a sheet of paper.

By using a piece of paper the map distance of railway is 30.2Cm.

Scale on map = 1:50000

          Change. 1:50000 into kilometers.

           1km = 100000cm
               X = 50000cm

    100000x = 50000x1
                x = 50000/100000
                x =1/2 km (one a half)

    So. 1Cm = 1/2 km
            30.2= X
                X=30.2x 1/2
                X= 15.1 km

Therefore distance of the railway is 15.1 km

    (c) AREA OF LAKE TANGANYIKA

     calculating area using the square method

        (i) Count the full square covered by lake Tanganyika on a map

                 Full square= 32

        (ii) Also count half square covered by Tanganyika on a map and divide it by 2 

                Half square = 34÷2
                Half square=17

        (iii) Add full square and half square result obtained by divided half square by 2
                       32+17=49

         (iv) Convert map area into actual area
                Scale =1:50000, this means 1cm = 1/2 km

Use this scale to calculate area of lake Tanganyika( 1cm=1/2km)

Square both side 1cm=1/2km to get relationship between cm and km in square unit.

                  (1cm) square= (1/2) square
                    1cm square = 0.25km square

          (v) find area of one square on the map.

To find the area of one square on the map, take a rule and measure the width multiply by itself.
                   Area of square = wxw
                                       W= 2 so
                                         A= 2x2

                Area of one square on a map = 4cm square

          (vi) find the area of lake Tanganyika

                      1cm square =0.25 km square
                      4cm square = x

                Cross multiplication
                                   1xX= 4x 0.25
                                       X= 1kmsquare

Convert 49 square into kilometre square
                   49x1km square= 49 km square

Therefore Area of lake Tanganyika = 49km square.


   (d) The following are the factors that have Influenced the location of Kigoma town

       (i) Availability of social services example schools, dispensaries, markets, post offices and bank.

       (ii) Good Climate

       (iii) Availability of Lake Tanganyika

       (iv) Security due to the presence of army camp

       (v) Source of power such as power station

       (vi) Means of transport such as roads, pipe lines and railways


   (e) The following are the socio-economic activities carried out in the area.

               ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES. are as follow

        (i). Transport due to the availability of roads, railways and pipeline

        (ii). Pastoralism due to the presence of scrubs for pastures

        (iii). Agriculture due to the availability of scattered cultivation

        (iv). Fishing due to presence of lake

        (v). Trade due to presence of market and means of transport

        (vi). Lumbering due to the presence of woodlands.

SOCIAL ACTIVITIES are as follow

        (i). Religious activities due to the presence of churches

        (ii). Education activities due to the presence of schools.

        (iii). Transport and communication due to the presence of roads, railways, pipeline and telephone lines.



8.(a) The type of photograph is Ground Photograph.

   (b).The scale decreasing from fore ground to the back grounds of the photograph.

   (c). Main physical features found on this photograph are river, river banks and spurs.

   (d) main activities are Agriculture, animal rearing and fishing activities.




9. Pastoralism is an economic activity where people derive their livelihood from grazing and managing livestock on natural grassland. It is a type of farming where people are fully or partly involved in animal rearing on various scale and for varying purpose.

Nomadic pastoralism refers to a traditional economy in which large number of animals are kept by nomadic communities and they move from one place to another place in search of pasture and water. Nomadic pastoralism is practiced in the driest parts of East Africa such as northern Kenya where samburu are still constantly moving around in search of pasture and water. The turkana, Boran, and the Masai in Kenya, the Him a and Karamajong in Uganda and the Masai, Sukuma in Tanzania were also pure nomadic pastoralists.

The following are the characteristics of nomadic pastoralism in East Africa

    (i) Frequent livestock raids by neighboring communities or amongst themselves.

    (ii) The animals are grazed communally

    (iii) The animals are kept for subsistence,meat,milk and blood.Nomadic herders make use of natural pasture for grazing of their livestock.

    (iv) Normally practiced in areas with low and unreliable rainfall.

    (v) The movement of the pastoralists is determined by the availability of water and pasture and biting insects like tsetse fly.

The following are the main ways of improving pastoralism in East Africa

    (i) The government in East Africa encourage transhumance pastoralists to engage in commercial milk production because they occupy areas of high agriculture potential.

    (ii). To encourage pastoralists to acquire high grade cattle which yield more milk and adopt selective breeding for highest yield.

    (iii). To provide education to the pastoralists About modern ways of keeping animals.

    (iv). To encourage pastoralists to utilize their grazing land much more efficiently by reducing numbers of cattle.

     (v) To provide storage facilities to Pastoralists.


10. Ship industry refer to the construction of ships and other floating vessels. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard.

      Japan is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean with dense cities, imperial palaces, mountainous national parks and thousands of shrines and temples. Japan is the highest producer and manufacture of ships in the world.

      The following are the main factors which have influenced the ship industry in Japan

      (i). Capital availability that was inverted in the ship industries

      (ii). Japan used modern and advanced technology.

      (iii) Development of iron and steel in Japan.

      (iv). Availability of market within and outside the nation.

      (v). Availability of skilled personnel in Japan.


11.(a) Ecosystem means is the natural system in which plant (Flora) and animal (fauna) interact with each other and the non living environment.

     (b). Biodiversity means that a variety of species of living organisms both plants and animals (flora and fauna).

Loss of biodiversity refers to all processed that lead to loss of variety of species of organisms and plants of Earth.

The following are the major causes of the loss of biodiversity.

       (i). Floods which kill most of the organisms.

       (ii). Pests and diseases

       (iii). Poor method of fishing

       (iv). Poaching

        (v). Earth quakesquakes


12.(a). Population refers to the number of organism or objects occupying a given area.

Human population refers to the total number of people inhabiting or occupying a specific unit or geographical area at a particular time.

The following are the characteristics of Human population

         (i). Population size

         (ii). Composition.

         (iii). Sex ratio

         (iv). Population structure

         (v). Dependency ratio

    (b). Population refers to the number of organism or objects occupying a given area.

          Population distribution can be described as even when people appear to be spread put uniformly all over the area. Population distribution refers to the way people are spread out on the land.

The following are the main factors that influence population distribution

          (i). Relief topography

          (ii). Climate

          (iii). Vegetation

          (iv). Soil

          (v). Drainage

          (vi). Pests and disease.

          (v). Political factors

          (vi). Economic factors

          (vii). Transport and communication.