SOLVING HISTORY NECTA 2012

HISTORY NECTA 2010

(For Both School and Private Candidates)

SECTION A (20 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section.

For each of the items (i) ­ (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number.

(i) One of the advantages of the study of history is:

A. To understand why man is a living creature.

B. To understand the changes in relations between man and environment.

C. To understand the beginning and the end of the world.

D. To learn to be tolerant to environmental issues.

E. To understand how the environment struggles against man.

(ii) During the 1840s the East African coastal trade was dominated by:

A.  Mazrui Arabs

B.  Oman Arabs

C.  British traders

D.  German traders

E.  Indian traders.

 (iii)From 1948, the coordination of allmatters of common interest to Tanganyika,Kenya and

Uganda were placed under the:

A.  East Africa Governors Conference.

B.  East Africa Coordination Committee.

C.  East Africa Common Services.

D.  East Africa High Commission.

E.  East Africa Common Market

(iv)Asante was one of the Forest states whichresisted against the:

 A.  French

 B.  Germans

 C.  Belgians

 D.  Dutch

 E.  British.

(v) One of the features of monopoly capitalism was:

 A.  The emergence of financial capital.

 B.  The emergence of new small capitalists.

 C.  A tremendous decline of commercial activities.

 D.  Primitive accumulation of capital.

 E.  Export of raw materials.

 (vi)The Hamerton treaty (1845) was about:

 A.  Allowing Sultan of Zanzibar to buy slaves outside East Africa.

 B.  Forbidding Sultan of Zanzibar to exports laves outside East Africa.

 C.  Allowing Sultan of Zanzibar to sell slaves in Arabia.

 D.  Abolishing slave trade and slavery in all British colonies.

 E.  Closing all slave markets along the coast of East Africa.

(vii)Which of the following is the best method of fossil dating for objects which have stayed for several millions of years?

 A.  Palaeontology.

 B.  Potassium Organ method.

 C.  Archaeology.

 D.  Carbon 14 Test.

 E.  Calcium carbonate.

(viii) The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) is the term used to denote
A.  Independence given illegally by British to settlers in Rhodesia.

B.  The white settlers in Rhodesia declaring their independence. 

C.  British refusing to give independence to settlers in Rhodesia.

D.  Settlers in Rhodesia acquiring independence from Britain by force. 

E.  Settlers’ rejection in Rhodesia to be given self­-rule by the British.

  (ix) One of the major problems that hinderedthe attainment of unity in Uganda imediately after independence was:

A.  Religious conflicts.

B.  Dictatorship of Idd Amin.

C.  Civil wars.

D.  Racial segregation.

E.  Tribalism.

(x) In which organ of UNO is the power of Veto effective?

A.  International Court of Justice.

B.  Economic and Social Council.

C.  Security Council.

D.  Secretariat.

E.  General Assembly.

ANSWERS TO QN 1

i	ii	iii	iv	v
B	B	D	E	A
vi	vii	viii	ix	x
B	D	A	E	C

2. Match the stems in List A with the correctresponses in List B by writing the letter ofthe response beside the item number.

List A

List B

(i) The famous long distance traders in Southern and Central Africa. (ii) The name given to the capital of Kongo Kingdom by the Portuguese. (iii) A title of the ruler of Lunda Empire. (iv) A founder of Ndebele Empire. (v)Resolves international disputes and organizes international conferences. (vi) An ideology which emphasized the importance of man as the centre ofall governmentactivities. (vii) Emphasized cooperation between the colonized and the colonizer. (viii) The traditional legislature. (ix) Decentralized state in East Africa.

A. Ujiji B. General Assembly C. Servant and master law D. Direct rule E. Association F. The Venda G. Mzilikazi H. San Salvador I. Kabaka J. Mwata Yamvo K. Security Council L. Humanism M. Buganda N. Nzinga Nkuwu O. Ugweno P. Mbanza Q. The Nyamwezi R. Secretariat S. Lukiko T. Assimilation

ANSWERS TO QN 2

i	ii	iii	iv	V
F	H	J	G	R
vi	vii	viii	ix	X
L	E	S	Q	O

SECTION B (20 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section

3. (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa to show colonial possessions                                  in 1914 and use   letters   A, B, C, D, and E to locate:
(i) A country which resisted colonial rule successfully in 1896.

(ii) German East Africa.

(iii) A Portuguese colony of Angola.

(iv) A British colony which regained her independence in 1957.

(v) The biggest Belgian colony in Africa.

(b) Outline five significances of BerlinConference.

ANSWERS TO QN 3

3.(a)  MAP OF AFRICA SHOWING COLONIAL POSSESSIONS IN 1914

KEY

A= ETHIOPIA

B= EAST AFRICA

C= ANGOLA

D=GHANA

E=DRC CONGO

(b) Significances of Berlin conference are

i. Berlin conference resolved the international rivalries that I voted in areas like Congo, Egypt and Nile.

ii. Berlin conference speeded the partition of Africa under the principle of effective occupation.

iii. The Conference highlighted the unity and degree of cooperation among European powers.

iv. The Conference opened the interior of African land for colonization.

v. Berlin conference avoided the possibility of the emperior powers to inter into war during the scramble for Africa.

 4. (a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by writing number 1 to 5 beside the item number.

 (i) African nationalist politics in South Africa started with the formation of the South Africa

Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912.

(ii) African National Congress (ANC) led by Nelson Mandela established its armed wing known as “Umkhonto we Sizwe” (Spear of the Nation) which immediately embarked upon military operations within South Africa.

(iii) In 1949 the Youth League launched its “Programme of Action” which aimed at attainment of freedom from white domination.

(iv) The imposition of capitalist relations of production in South Africa, unlike other parts of the continent, is underlined by racism. This made nationalist struggles in South Africa to be more complicated andlong.

(v) In 1964, Nelson Mandela was arrested and sent to jail. Later in 1990 he was released and the majority rule was obtained in 1994.

(b) The items (i­v) consist of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One of the sentences (A ­ E) is incorrect. Identify the incorrect sentence and write its letter beside the   item number.

(i)1. Colonial education aimed at impartingcapitalist ideology to the recipients.

    2. Its content was designed to produce the colonial relations of production.

    3. It provided only limited skills andemphasised obedience to the recipients.

    4.      .

A. It trained sons of chiefs so as to reproduce a royal European leadership.

B. It had series of examinations which were set abroad. Nobody could go to another stage without passing the examination.

 C. It was based on racial segregations.

 D. It had more males enrolled than females.

 E. It aimed at serving the colonial state rather than indigenous people.

(ii) 1. One of the factors for the rise of African Nationalism was that USA reinforced her ‘Open Door Policy’ and supported decolonization processes in Africa.

 2. Pan­ Africanism in its 1945 Manchester Congress also demanded blacks’ autonomy.

 3.      .

 4. The independence of Asian countries such as India and Pakistan fuel  led the process of decolonization in Africa.

A. USSR supported decolonizationprocesses in Africa because of ideological reasons.

B. UNO was against decolonization and it strived for equality and human dignity.

C. Some Africans learnt from the WorldWars how to participate in struggles.

D. The African elites became politically conscious and formed political parties.

E. Colonial intensive exploitation motivated African hatred and negative attitude   against colonialism.

(iii) 1. Colonial economy in East Africa involved three systems of agriculture which were settler,

peasant and plantation.

2.Peasant cash crop system was thebackbone of the colonial production inUganda.
3. The introduction of peasant economy in uganda was due to the fear of resistance  from the peasants.

4.      .

A. Some areas were thought unfit for white settlement in Uganda.

B. Governors such as Harry johnson preferred peasant agriculture.

C. Unlike other systems, peasant agriculture was cheap.

D. It was easy to open up larger agricultural farms in Uganda.

E. Kabaka disliked settlers to occupy the peasants’ land.

(iv) 1. Slave trade in Africa was stimulated by the external economic forces to meet the demands of West European capitalism.

2. In West and East Africa the activities of capturing and selling slaves involved African chiefs, Arab and Swahili traders.

3.      .

4. In 19th century, the slave trade was abolished.
A.   Development of industrial capitalismin Western Europe in the 19th century made slave trade useless.
B.    Due to massive shipment of slaves, there was a scarcity of slaves in African continent by the 19th century.
C.    Humanitarians argued against slave trade and slavery.
D.    Due to American independence in 1776, European merchants could no longer transport  slaves to America.
E.     French Revolution contributed to its abolition.
(v) 1 Tanganyika achieved her independence in 1961.

2. Since independence she has been trying to solve her social, economic and political problems by initiating various policies and strategies.

3. Establishment of education for Self Reliance was one of the ways of solving her economic problems.

4.      .      

         

A. Nationalization of land in 1962 aimed at eliminating feudal systems to enable the majority to access land. 

B. Building of infrastructures such as the Tanzania-Zambia railway had the purpose of facilitating smooth transportation in the country.       

C. The formation of East Africa Community in 1960s aimed at increasing economic cooperation among East African countries.

D. Adaptation of one Party system in 1990s was a strategy of solving political problems by promoting the national unity within a country.     

E. Arusha Declaration in 1967 aimed at building of the socialist nation free from exploitation.

ANSWERS TO QN 4 (a)

i	ii	iii	iv	v
2	4	3	1	5

       b.

i	ii	iii	iv	v
A	B	D	B	D

SECTION C (60 Marks)

Answer three (3) questions from this section.

5. Explain six prerequisites for state formation in pre­colonial Africa.

6. Identify six factors which determined the variation of agricultural systems during the colonial period.

7. Elaborate six consequences of Ngoni migration into East Africa in the 19th century.

8. Analyse six problems facing African countries that originated from their colonial heritage.

9.With concrete examples from various parts of Africa, assess eight factors that determined the

forms of decolonization in Africa.

10. Analyse four causes and four effects of the Second World War on Africa.

ANSWERS TO QN 5-10

5.  State was an organization system of administration adopted by few African societies while having administrative organs, army and judiciary. Each organ was responsible for different activities. During pre colonial Africa formed strong centralized states known as te states and te  formed states were Buganda and Bunyoro Kital in Interlacustrine States, Ghana, Sangai, Dahomey, Fulani and Oyo in Western Sudanic States, Nubiii and Ethiopia in Cenral Africa states, Sokoto, Mandika and Tokoro in West Africa.

The following were the six prerequisites for states formation in pre colonial Africa

    i. Political transformation

The former age group communities were transformed into strong centralized states.

Also people formed strong armies to protect themselves; these armies were later used for conquest and expansion hence forming states.

     ii. Military advancement

The introduction of new military weapons such as the short stabbing spears and the cow horn style. These weapons were used for conquest and expansion thus forming states.

      iii. Emergency of strong leadership

The Strong leadership had a big role to play in state formation because the leaders united the people to form states.

       iv. Migrations

The societies through which they passed were forced to form strong states to protect themselves.

        v. The role of Islam

Jihads under the umbrella of Islam played a fundamental role in state formation in West Africa, states such as Sokoto, Mandika and Tokoro were a result of Jihads.

       vi. The role of Mfecane

The Mfecane refers to the wars and disturbances caused by Shaka and the rise of the Zulu state in South Africa. The Mfecane is also referred to as the time of trouble or turbulence in South Africa. The origin of the Mfecane was Shaka‟s expansionist policies that led to the conquering states.

6. Agricultural system was the system of production and consumption of agriculture materials which were introduced in the colonies by the colonialists in order to fulfill their economic demands such as raw materials, markets, area for investment and areas for settlement.

     The following were the six factors which determined the variation of agricultural system during the colonial period

    i. Climatic condition

   ii. Nature of the African reaction

  iii. Size of Population

   iv. Nature of the Land

   v. Nature of colonial administration

  vi. Availability of infrastructure

7. Ngoni people originated in Kwazulu land and Natal region in the sent by the public of South Africa. Ngoni are the one who speak Nguni language in the 19 th century; Zulu kingdom got new king called Tshaka. Tshaka through frequent war campaigns succeeded to expand his empire.

      The following were the six consequences in East Africa in 19th century

      i. Conquest of weak states:

Ngoni conquered weak states and subdivided them in the military areas they passed through Theha and Zinza.

      ii. They brought unity to some societies of Tanzania.

There was change of rule in the regions they had passed. For instance the Hehe, Sangu and Bena united together to fight with the Ngoni invaders.

     iii. Formation of agreement.

In 1881 Mkwawa fought with the Ngoni. In this war the losses on both sides were so great that they entered into political treaty not to fight again until their sons become adults.

    iv. Changes in Military techniques

    v. Depopulation

Many people died in fighting and many were taken as war captives by the Ngoni.

  vi. Marriage

The Ngoni people married women from the communities they conquered. Sometimes marriages were forced, where they took the women belonging to the captives and made them their wives.

8.   After African countries experienced the same social, political, economic and cultural problems, post independence African states through their leaders such as late JK. Nyerere, Dr Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta were desired to promote (establish) African unity on both political and economic so as to solve those developmental challenges the solution which was taken in consideration in order to build African countries so as to promote African unity.

The following were the six problems facing African countries that originated from colonial heritage

        i. Poor economies base.

 Most of African countries after independent they had poor and repressive (Oppressive) economic policies such imposition of taxes and agriculture marketing boards which were charged to all regardless of income. This economic policy was a Burden to poor people.

        ii. Poor industrial base.

 African countries inherited poor industrial base from colonialist since during colonialism they discourage industrialization in colonies in order to avoid competition of their manufactured goods.

       iii. Poor education.

After independence African were ignorant and unskilled since even and during colonial education African.

         iv. Poverty.

Many people were poor economically having no income hence suffered with diseases.

         v. Tribalism

After independence Africa had problems of tribalism that is many Africans were disunited and separated basing on tribal differences.

        vi. Poor provision of social services

After independence African countries had no good access of social service such as health centers, education, water, housing etc. as a result of poor provision of social services by colonial government.

       vii. Political instability

Many African countries were not stable due to civil wars, tribalism, poor leadership and political parties’ pressure e.g. Egypt, Libya, Sudan and DRC Congo.

9.  Decolonization refers to the action or process of a state withdrawing from a former colony, leaving it independent. The decolonization of Africa took place in the mid-to-late 1950s and 1960s, with sudden and radical regime changes on the continent as colonial governments made the transition to independent states.

  The following were the eight factors that determined the forms of Decolonization in Africa

          i. Nature of the colony

          ii. Size of the colony

         iii. Reaction of Africans leaders

          iv. Minerals wealth of the colony

          v. Level of investment in the colony

          vi. Extent of settler economy in the colony

         vii. Soil fertility and climatic conditions

         viii. Extent of colonial establishment of settlements in the colonies

10. Second World War was military fighting between the axis powers; Germany, Italy and Japan and allied power such as Britain, France, USA and Russia which took place between 1939 – 1945. Second World War started on Sept, 1939 when German invaded Poland. On 3 rd Sept 1923, Britain and France declared war on Germany.

The following were the causes of Second World War

      i. Japanese attack on Manchuria;

In the year 1931 Japan are invaded the part of China (Manchuria) and created a new state called Manchukuo. Unfortunately the league of nation did not punish Japan for her aggression and in 1933 Japan decided to quit the League of Nations. The silence of the League of Nations sparkled terrorism ambitions among fascist nations

     ii. Ethiopia crisis in 1935, Benito Musolin of Italy invaded Ethiopia;

This attempt was contrary to the United Nations charter which required all members to settle their differences through it. Furthermore Italy withdrew from the League of Nations in order to prepare military for the Second World War.

    iii. Hitler’s aggressive policies:-

Since 1930’s Hitler began to violet the versatile peace treat agreement which accused her to be causative of the first world war and in 1933 German withdrew from the league of Nations ad continued with her aggression of invading other other nations in order to create stronger German and expansion her territories. In 1939 she occupied Czechoslovakia and Poland hence the outbreak of the Second World War.

      iv. Russo- Germany Non-Aggression policy

In 1939, Russia suddenly signed a non aggression treaty with German that feed Hitler from the danger of the two front wars and agreed to divide East European area particularly Poland between them. This East European area particularly Poland between them. This Strengthened Hitler’s demand upon Poland.

      v. Hitler’s ultimatum to Poland

Hitler demanded Germany control of a strip of land across the polish corridor, which separated east Prussia from the main part of German when Poland refused these demands, Hitler declared war Poland on September 1939

     vi. The Impact of Versailles peace treaty on Germany

Under this treaty the Germany lost her colonies and had to pay for war reparation to the winners. This situation made Germany to demand for the lost colonies through war hence the outbreak of Second World War.

      vii. The economic depression during inter war period

 In order to solve the problem of Great depression, some imperialist nation allied more and more in exploitation of their colonies  like German, Italy and Japan had to for alternatives solutions. In this case Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931. Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 to 1939 while German invaded Holland and Czechoslovakia in 1939; all those moves raised the international concern hence, the outbreak of the Second World War.

       viii. Formation of Military alliances such as axis power and allied power greatly accelerated the war.

            ix. Rise of fascism and Nazism

There were ideologies developed in German (Nazism) and Italy ( fascism) prestige the Germany believed to be a superior race and wanted to control the whole world. For example Adolph Hitler (German) and be nit Muslin ( Italy ) wanted to expand their countries, they wanted to use wars in fulfilling their dreams.

          x. Failure of League of Nations to defend world peace e.g. failure to prevent invasion of Ethiopia by Italy in 1935.

         xi. The impact of Great Economic Depression

 Unemployment, high cost of living etc. The imperialists nations replied on colonies to solve this problem so nations with no colonies as such as Germany, Italy and Japan hard to work for the alternative solutions. That is why Italy invaded Ethiopia; Germany invaded Poland Czechoslovakia, Motherlands. All these actions raised international concern hence the outbreak of wars.

        xii. Hitler aggressive policy

for example:1933 withdrew from League of Nations,1935 started rearmament schemes,1938 seized Sudetenland,1939 invaded Poland. All this actions leads to Second World War

        xiii. The failure of appeasement policy

 This was a policy adopted by France and Britain while aimed at avoiding war with aggressive powers like Italy and Germans. The war broke because Britain and France didn’t stand against dictators in Italy and Germany.

         xiv. Germany invasion over Poland to Spanish civil war 1936;

German, Italy and Russia used the war to test their weapons and techniques.

The following were the effects of Second World War on Africa

            i. Increase of exploitation in Africa;-

 Apart from introducing Agricultural schemes also they created marketing boards, increase of taxation, land alienation, intensive forced labour, low wages and long working hours. All these were applied by capitalist nations to revamp their economy that were badly affected by Second World War

           ii. Introduction of cash production:-

this was implemented differently in different areas such as The Nachingwea scheme delt with groundnuts production, the Sukuma cotton scheme was established for producing cotton all these projects were launched by capitalists in order to compensate their loss economy led by the second world war and to pay back the debts to the United states of America.

           iii. Second World War contributed to the rise of Nationalism ideologies to Africans

 Africans became politically conscious after the return of Ex-soldiers from war who acted as the catalyst on leading people to struggle for Nationalism as they had acquired many skills and tactic hence they had to apply them for the Liberation of their nations and fellow Africans

             iv. Second World War led to the rise of USA AND USSR as the world economical powers.

 Both USA and USSR played a significance role in the decolonization of Africa through different approaches for example USA propagated for Nationalism of Africa in order to get an access of exploiting Africa through Neo –colonialism while USSR on its side supported the Africa through Neo-colonialism. While USSR on its side supported the Africans freedom fighters morally, materially and technologically, this is because USSR under socialism policy they believe on equality.

                v. Fall of African economy;-

This was triggered by the recruitment of Africa energetic people to war, while are the ones who were the main producers. Following the fall of African economy many African facilities collapsed and let to dependence nature economy to many African countries.

                vi. Depopulation of African people

The number of African people decreased since some died on the battle while fighting as recruited soldiers, some died of hunger and starvation as there total unrest during the war as producers were recruited as soldiers hence there were no production also commutable diseases like cholera, diarrhea, influenza small pox etc killed many people.