SOLVING OF HISTORY NECTA 2007
For each of the items (i)-(x) choose the correct answer from among the alternative and write its letter besides the item number.
(i) The following are limitation of archaeology as a source of historical knowledge except one
A time factor is very relative
B humid climate cause decay of artefacts
C it is more employed in Engaruka Valley than Egypt
D difficulty to know the culture, language and belief of the artefacts
E it takes time and it is very expensive.
(ii) Trading caravans going into the interior of East Africa in the 19th century carried the red flag because
A they were travelling along dangerous trade routes
B they needed the protection of the Sultan of Zanzibar
C they were afraid of the British who were trying to stop slave trade
D slave suffered during their journey from the interior to the coast
E they were carrying slaves as the main trade article.
(iii) In most parts of pre-colonial Africa, the ruling classes appropriated surpluses through
A wars and conquest
B looting and plundering
C tribute and labour services
D taxation
E agriculture and domestication of animals.
(iv) Dr. Robert Moffat worked as a missionary in one of the following stations
A Salisbury
B Kuruman
C Blantyre
D Maposeni
E Rabai.
(v) In which of the following countries was colonization accompanied by mass European settlements?
A Algeria
B Nigeria
C Gabon
D Mauritanian
E Sierra Leone.
(vi)Which of the following cash crops where the most important in the early German colonial rule in Mainland Tanzania?
A Rubber, cotton and cloves
B Coffee, wheat and sugar cane
C Rubber, coffee and sugar cane
D Wheat, sisal and maize
E Rubber, cotton and Sisal.
(vii) The British took over Tanganyika after 1918 because
A it was the end of the first World War
B they were asked by the League of Nations
C they defeated the Germans
D they wanted to merge Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania
E. the Germans were not able to separate the war.
(viii) The event which marked the end of peaceful protests by African Nationalists in South Africa
A Rivonial trial
B Soweto Massacre
C institution of the apartheid policy
D formation of the Unkhonto we Sizwe
E Sharpeville Massacre.
(ix) A political and economic programme which aims at promoting democracy, stability good governance and economic development in Africa is known as
A Pan Africanism
B NEPAD
C African Nationalism
D African initiative
E Global Vision 2025.
(x) The first president who was assassinated in post-colonial Africa was
A Patrice Lumumba of Congo-Kinsasa
B Sylvanus Olympio of Togo
C Anwar Sadat of Egypt
D Abeid Aman Karume of Zanzibar
E Samora Machel of Mozambique.
ANSWERS FOR QUESTION 1
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ii
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iii
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iv
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vi
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vii
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viii
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ix
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x
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C
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E
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C
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E
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E
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A
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B
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B
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B
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A
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2. (a) Match items in List A with the correct responses in List B by writing the letter of the correct response beside the item number.
List A
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List B
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(i) Kanyamaghan
(ii) Assegai
(iii) Voortekker
(iv) Lukiko
(v) Vasco Da gama
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A. Sailed from Portugal to the Cape, on to Malindi in East Africa and to calcutta in India, a centre of spice trade.
B. Capital of Ghana empire.
C. Cow horn military technique introduced by the Ngoni in East Africa.
D. Prime minister of Buganda.
E. Title given to the Kin of Ghana meaning “Master of gold”.
F. Afrikaner’s movement from Vaal river to Pretoria.
G. The Kabaka’s council and court of appeal in Buganda Kingdom.
H. Ngoni short stabing spears adopted by East African societies.
I. The Boer’s exodus from the Cape.
J. Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian ocean in 1487.
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(b) Arrange the following in chronological order.
(i) There the Boers established the republic of South Africa and Orange Free State.
(ii) Boers developed ant British-sentiments.
(iii) South Africa was firstly inhabited by Boers in 1652 under Jan Van Riebeek.
(iv) The Boers came into clash with the British government in 1795.
(v) The Boers moved northwards.
ANSWERS FOR QUESTION 2
ANSWERS FOR QUESTION 2
2.(a)
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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E
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H
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I
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G
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J
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(b)
i
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5
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3
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1
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2
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4
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SECTION B (20 Marks)
3. The time Chart below shows centuries AD the 11 to the 21. It also shows the period of historical event in East Africa represented in block A- K. Below the chart is a list of those events numbered (i) - (xv). Choose the event from the list provided and match it with the corresponding period by writing the number of the event beside the letter of the period.
For example K - (ii)
(i) Early spread of Islam and the rise of coastal city states.
(ii) The outbreak of the Majimaji War inUmatumbi.
(iii) Societies in many parts of Tanzaniamainland had politicalorganization bigger than clans.
(iv) The Chwezi Empire was founded.
(v) The period of the Second WorldWar.
(vi) Collapse of the socialist bloc andits consequent introductionof liberalization policies in East Africa.
(vii) British colonial rule.
(viii) Period of Oman Arab Slavetrade which led to destructionof properties, depopulationand state of fear to Africans.
(ix) East Africa eventually came under alien colonial rule.
(x) The Portuguese were eventually driven out of East Africa north of the Ruvuma coast.
(xi) The period of German colonial rule.
(xii) Triumph of mass nationalism in East Africa.
(xiii) Destruction of many coastalcity states and the decline ofSwahili civilization andcoastal trade.
(xiv) Ngoni migration into East Africa.
(xv) The period of the GreatDepression.
(xvi) Introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes inTanzania.
(xvii) Death of Mzilikazi, king of theNdebele.
(xviii) Peak of British IndustrialRevolution.
(xix) LubaLunda kingdom wasfounded.
(xx) German East Africa becameTanganyika.
ANSWERS FOR QUESTION 3
ANSWERS FOR QUESTION 3
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A
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B
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C
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D
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E
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ii
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x
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viii
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xix
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xvi
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F
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G
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H
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J
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K
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xx
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xvii
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xv
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xvii
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xii
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4.Each of the following paragraphs is supposed to have four (4) sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One sentence is missing. Identify the missing sentence from the sentences below each paragraph labelled A to D. Write the letter of the missing sentence in the answer booklet beside the item number.
(i) 1. Naturally, near to each great slave raiding tribe was another group thatsuffered.
2. The raids of the Mande and Fulani meant that the Kissi tribe was hard hit.
3. On the Gold Coast (Ghana) the Akan speakers made life so difficult for the Ga people that until today they still remember the Atlantic slave trade.
4.
5. The raiding tribes however, ripped good profit out of this trade.
A. The Northern Mbundu people of Zimbabwe were wiped out of the attacks of Ndebele and Portuguese armies.
B. The Southern Mbundu people of Guinea were wiped out by Mande and British armies.
C. The Northern Mbundu people of Angola were nearly wiped out by the attacks of the African neighbours and by Portugues armies.
D. The Northern Mbundu people of Northern Rhodesia were wiped out by slave traders from East Africa.
E.The Northern Mbundu people of Southern Rhodesia were wiped out by the Yao and Ngoni armies.
(ii) 1. The first major area of contact between East Africa and the capitalist world was trade.
2. East Africa was integrated into the system of international trade through the operation of merchants capital.
3.
4. Before the 1850’s the major commodities sought from East Africa were slaves
5. In 1873, Zanzibar slave market was close dand so was slave trade.
A. The major agents were Arab and African businessmen.
B. The major agents were people from Zanzibar
C. The major agents were African and Shirazmerchan
D. The major agents were Arab and Indian merchants.
E. The major agents were Asian traders.
A. The major agents were Arab and African businessmen.
B. The major agents were people from Zanzibar
C. The major agents were African and Shirazmerchan
D. The major agents were Arab and Indian merchants.
E. The major agents were Asian traders.
(iii) 1. Oyo came into rise in the 14th century under the outstanding leadership of Alafin.
2. By the middle of 19th century the opulent and well organised empire of Oyo had completely collapsed.
3.
4. The southern part had broken up into a series of independent states competing among themselves for supremacy.
5. The old capital Oyoile itself had been reduced to ashes and the king had been forced to flee to New Oyo town.
A. The Northern part had beencaptured and converted into Hausaemirates of Sokoto.
B. The Northern part had been captured by fulani emirate of Ghana.
C. The Almoravids of the North were responsible for the collapse of Oyo empire.
D. The Northern part had beenannexed and converted into the Fulaniemirate of Ilorin.
E. The Trans Saharan trade contributed to the disintegration of Oyoempire.
(iv) 1. Kilwa remained for many years theprinciple centre of the East African slavetrade.
2.
2.
3. The end of the 18th century saw thebeginning of this process of internal slaveraiding, in which within 50 years large areas were empty.
4. Slavery by this time was vitallyimportant in the Islands especially that ofPemba where plantation of agriculture was more pronounced.
5. Slave and ivory trade contributed much to the rise of Kilwa coastal citystate.
4. Slavery by this time was vitallyimportant in the Islands especially that ofPemba where plantation of agriculture was more pronounced.
5. Slave and ivory trade contributed much to the rise of Kilwa coastal citystate.
A. The Hehe played a vital role in bringing slaves to Kilwa in exchange for guns and cowrie shells much needed in Hehe society.
B. It was mainly the Yao who kept the merchants there were well supplied with men, women and children who either came from their own people or had beencaptured from slave raids.
C. It was mainly the Ngoni during their wondering wars and invasion who captured men, women and children and took them to the merchants to Kilwa.
D. The Kimbu played an important role in bringing slaves to Kilwa in exchange for guns and other coastal goods much needed in Kimbu empire.
E. Both Yao and Kimbu kept merchants and supplied them with food and arms.
(v)1. Mirambo was a Nyamwezi Prince.
2.
3. He inherited the chief doms of Uyowa and Ulyankuru.
4. He used Ngoni battle tactics and formed a rugaruga army.
5. He played a vital role to the establishment of Nyamwezi kingdom through trade.
A. His relations with Germans ended when the Germans were defeated in the First World War.
B. He spent part of his early life as a Tutacaptive.
C. He was captured by Germansoldiers and spent sometime in a German Bomb
D. He spent part of his early life as a Kimbu captive
E. He married a Kimbu princess.
C. He was captured by Germansoldiers and spent sometime in a German Bomb
D. He spent part of his early life as a Kimbu captive
E. He married a Kimbu princess.
(vi)1. Trans Saharan Trade greatly promoted the economy of Western Sudanic societies.
2. The use of camels as a means of deserttransport, availability of fresh water in theoases, availability of trading goods and security provided by native traders made this trade more attractive to Arab and European traders.
3. The Western Sudan would not have became so famous throughout Europe and the Muslim world as a gold producing area without this trade.
4. Above all, the caravan trade greatly stimulated the textile industry for which Timbuktu and Kano became so famous from the fifteenth and sixteenth centurieson wards.
5.
A. The technique of weaving cloth brought into Sudan from either India or the Arabic world by Muslim traders who came in from the North.
B. The technique of weaving cloth brought into Sudan from either Egypt or Berber states by the Muslim traders who came in from the North.
C. The technique of weaving cloth brought into Sudan from either Egypt or China by the Muslim traders who came in from the North.
D. The technique of weaving cloth brought into the Sudan from either Egyptor Tunisia by the Muslim traders who came in from the North.
E. The technique of weaving cloth brought into the Sudan from Europe.
2.
3. These were to a large extent class struggles opposed to colonialism.
4. These resistances were caused by crude colonial exploitation and oppression.
5. These resistances wereimportant background forindependence of the two nations.
5. These resistances wereimportant background forindependence of the two nations.
A. These were tribal wars of Machemba of the Yao.
B. These were Nandiresistance of 1890’s and Mkwawaresistance of 1890’s.
C. These were Maji Maji war and Nana war of 1904 - 1907.
D. These involved Maji Majiwar of 1905 - 1907 and MauMau war of 1952.
E. These were Kikuyu and Abushiri resistances.
(viii) 1. The Nyamwezi people became famous traders in the 19th century.
B. These were Nandiresistance of 1890’s and Mkwawaresistance of 1890’s.
C. These were Maji Maji war and Nana war of 1904 - 1907.
D. These involved Maji Majiwar of 1905 - 1907 and MauMau war of 1952.
E. These were Kikuyu and Abushiri resistances.
(viii) 1. The Nyamwezi people became famous traders in the 19th century.
2.
3. When Slave Trade started the Nyamwezi became agents of the Arabs slavetraders.
4.The Nyamwezi conducted LongDistance Trade caravans from the interior to the coast
5. The Nyamwezikingdom becamevery rich out of thistrade
A. The Nyamwezi rulers specialized in trade activities.
B. The Nyamwezitrade influenceextended as far southas NorthernRhodesia
C. Wagogo were forced to pay “hongo” to the Nyamwezi.
D.The people who specialized astraders among the Nyamwezi were knownas Wandewa.
5. The Nyamwezikingdom becamevery rich out of thistrade
A. The Nyamwezi rulers specialized in trade activities.
B. The Nyamwezitrade influenceextended as far southas NorthernRhodesia
C. Wagogo were forced to pay “hongo” to the Nyamwezi.
D.The people who specialized astraders among the Nyamwezi were knownas Wandewa.
E. The Nyamwezi rulers were forced to pay tribute to Arab traders.
(ix)1. The history of Ancient Egypt has been reconstructed mainly through archaeology.
(ix)1. The history of Ancient Egypt has been reconstructed mainly through archaeology.
2. Archaelogical evidences suggest that the history of ancient Egypt goes as far back as between 1500 and 500 BC.
3. Tombs along the Nile valley showthat there were village communities of selfsufficient food producers.
4.
5. Well organized political leadership under pharaohs made Egypt the famous state in the world.
A. The basis of the achievements of man in Egypt was the dryness of the soil in the Nile Valley.
B. These communities’ ability to utilize the floods of the Nile enabled them to grow perennial crops like cassava, palmtrees and yams.
C. The basis of the prosperity of man inEgypt was the dryness of the soil in the NileValley which favoured more pastoralism than crop cultivation.
D. These communities’ ability to utilizethe floods of the Nile enabled them to growwheat and barley apart from keepinglivestock.
E. These communities’ ability to exploitand control River Nile made themsuccessful in all spheres of life.
(x)1. The Dutch established settlements at the Cape in South Africa in 1652.
(x)1. The Dutch established settlements at the Cape in South Africa in 1652.
2.
3. With the very attractive climatic conditions, South Africa attracted European colonization and settlements.
4. The Dutch East Indian company established a centre at the Cape to supply fresh green vegetables, fresh water, meats and fruits.
5. After the coming of the British in the18th century, the Dutch moved north andsettled in Transvaal province.
A. The region was very fertile with both subtropical and equatorial climates.
B. The region was very fertilecharacterized by both savannah andtropical climates.
C. The region was very fertile withboth subtropical and mediterraneanclimates.
D. The region was fertile characterized by both sub-tropical and sub-mediterranean climates.
B. The region was very fertilecharacterized by both savannah andtropical climates.
C. The region was very fertile withboth subtropical and mediterraneanclimates.
D. The region was fertile characterized by both sub-tropical and sub-mediterranean climates.
E. The region was very fertile with both mediterrenean and tropical climates.
ANSWERS FOR QUESTION 4
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ii
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E
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D
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A
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B
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D
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vi
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vii
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viii
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ix
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B
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D
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A
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D
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A
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ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION
5. Examine the impact of Portuguese intrusion in East Africa in the 16th century.
6. Through their activities the missionaries became forerunners of colonialism. Justifythis statement.
7.With concrete examples show why the conflict between Africans and the Whites during the colonial period was inevitable.
8. Explain the roles of Welfare Associations, Religions Movements and Cooperative Societies in the struggle for independence in East Africa.
9. Discuss the benefits gained by the members of the Commonwealth.
10. Why has the dream of a United Africa not been achieved?
ANSWERS FOR QUESTION 5-10
5. Trading between Africa and Asia was disturbed by Portuguese invasion along the East Africa coast in the 16th Century.
The Portuguese attempted to capture and control Indian Ocean trade, this lead to war between the Portuguese on one hand and the indigenous of East African coast. During this contact the most important countries in western were Spain and Portugal. These countries were included in trade through trading routes to India which passed off through Italy and the Muslims lands of the Middle East.
Portuguese to reach in East Africa led by Vasco Da Gama reached Africa in 1498 (A.D) and Bartholomew Diaz reached Africa in 1487.
The following were the impacts of Portuguese intrusion in East Africa in the 16th Century.
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
i. Introduction of crops especially cash crops in Africa e.g. Sugarcane, yellow maize, cassava, rice, pineapples, potatoes etc.
ii. Decline of trade;
The trade between East Africa, Far East and Middle East was interrupted by the Portuguese.
iii. Change of major trade routes.
iv. Exposed Africa to the external world.
v. They built several forts, example; Fort Jesus.
vi. They acted as the introducers of new arts to the indigenous of Africa continent.
The forts built by Portuguese were like Fort Jesus in 1592 in Mombasa, Fort at Kilwa, Sofala and eliminated caste present day Ghana built in 1482.
SOCIAL IMPACTS
i. Decline of cities and states.
ii. Growth of Swahili language.
iii. Insecurity and loss of manpower.
iv. Also Swahili adapted some new Portuguese words i.e. Mvinyo from word Vincho, Meza Etc.
6. Missionaries were Europeans who mainly arrived in African societies in the 19 th C to spread Christian religion and some came in Africa in 18th century. Example of Missionaries in Africa were Dr. luduring krapf, Johan Rebman, Bishop Tozer, Jacob Erhard, Dr. living stone, John smith Moffat, Bartholomew kroof.
Missionaries became forerunners because of the following reasons
i. Missionaries spread of Christianity by building churches and mission stations.
ii. Missionaries introduced western education by building schools. They taught Africans writing, reading and counting.
iii. Missionaries participated in the abolition of slave trade.
iv. Missionaries studied African languages.
v. They introduced cash crops in African societies.
vi. Missionaries acted as advisors to Africans.
7. African conflict was the situation where by Africans fought in order to oppose European invasion or colonial rule, the situation known as resistance or opposition against colonial rule or control. Africans used active resistance (was the one which Africans wage war to oppose colonial rule by destructing European properties like farms, killing Europeans and so on.) and passive resistance (Africans did not take arms in opposing colonial rule or cooperating with colonialists.)
The following were the reasons why conflict between Africans and the whites during colonial period was inevitable
i. Africans defended social and political sovereignty;
Many societies in Africa decided to resist colonial rule because colonialist wanted to interfere their social and political power. So African chiefs or leaders such as Mkwawa, Samora Toure and Kaberege etc took army to fight against it.
ii. Interference of trade
Africans resisted against imposition of colonial rule because colonialists interfered with African trade monopolies which made Africans harsh towards colonialists hence resistance.
iii. Interference of cultures
African resisted against imposition of colonial rule since colonialists wanted to interfere African culture such as religion, language etc.
iv. Land alienation.
Africans resisted against imposition of colonial rule because colonialists took African’s land as a result Africans took arms to fight against this.
v. Forced labour
Many African societies imposed to resist once against colonial rule since colonialists forced them to work by force without payment in colonial activities like farms, construction of BOMAS etc. Examples of resistances were Majimaji, Nandi resistance, Chimulenga etc.
vi. Introduction of taxation
Colonialists introduced different heavy taxes such as head tax, cattle tax, hut tax and matiti tax where Africans were forced to pay them as a result they resisted against the imposition of colonial rule.
vii. Harsh rule
viii. Africans were not ready to be colonized.
Africans resisted against the imposition of colonial rule because they were not ready to be colonized since they had their own system of governance and administration.
i x. Beliefs of political and military strengths.
African societies were believed that they were powerful and strong in political and military as a result when colonialists came they opposed against them for example chief Machemba of Yao disobeyed Germany governor WISSMAN because he believed in his military power.
x. Colonial social segregation and discrimination.
Africans resisted against colonialist because Africans were segregated, oppressed and discriminated by them and treated as inferior in social, political and economic issues as a result Africans resisted them harshly
xi. Alliance / collaboration between traditional enemies with the colonialists.
8. Welfare associations were groups which were formed by Africans who were working in different sectors of colonial economy such as agriculture, industries.
Religious movements were churches which were made by Africans out of churches formed by Missionaries. Examples of independence churches were Kikuyu independent church formed in 1929 byDavid Maina (Kenya), Religion of spirit – “Dini ya masambwa” formed by Elijah Masinde which opposed colonialism and foreign religion (Kenya), Watch tower church and African National church-Tanzania and Province Industrial Mission Church formed by John Chilembwe in Malawi.
Cooperative societies were Africans societies who supported nationalism in East Africa and Africa.
The following were the roles of Welfare associations, religions movements and cooperatives societies in the Strule for independence in East Africa
i. Drew attention to African grievance e.g. political and social injustices.
ii. Stimulated moral and courage towards fighting for National independence.
iii. Helped to convey message of freedom.
iv. Created unity to all East Africans to fight for their rights example Kikuyu under Orthodox Church.
v. Made Africans aware of European exploitation.
vi. Opposing missionaries teaching.
9. Common wealth is an international association consisting of the UK together with states that were previously part of the British Empire, and dependencies.
The following are the benefits of Common wealth
i. To promote peace and security among member states
ii. To promote sustainable development through cooperation among the member states
iii. To improve trading activities among nations by common tariffs on goods.
iv. To promote economic growth and standards of living ot the member states
v. Common wealth provide a winder market for the member states commodities
vi. Common wealth support and create friendly relationship among the members.
10. The United States of Africa is a proposed concept for a federation of some or all of the 55 sovereign states on the continent of Africa. The concept takes its origin from Marcus Garvey's 1924 poem "Hail, United States of Africa". Then proposed by Dr Kwame Nkurumah of Ghana in 1945 and supported by Mwl Julius Kambarage Nyerere of Tanzania and in february 2009 by Late Muammar Gaddafi but the dream not succeed.
The following were the reasons why the dream of United of Africa not been achieved
i. There are still some fears among African states with stronger economic will enjoy more benefits from the united.
ii. Bilateral issues involving different African states also complicated the form of the organization.
iii. Conflicts among African states.
iv. Difference of currencies among of the African states.
v. Difference in ideology among of the African states.
vi. Selfishness among African leaders.
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