SOLVING OF HISTORY NECTA 2010
(For Both School and Private Candidates)
SECTION A (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
Answer all questions in this section.
1.For each of the items (i) - (x), choose thecorrect answer from among the givenalternatives and write its letter beside the item number.
(i) One of the effects regarding the coming ofEuropeans to West Africa was
A the introduction of iron technology
B establishment of heavy industries
C the growth of western Sudanic states
D the distortion of the Trans-SaharanTrade
E the decline of tribal wars.
(ii) The following are functions of the clan heads except
A allocating land for agriculture
B choosing spouses for the young men
C settling conflicts
D presiding over religious ceremonies
E ruling a number of villages.
(iii) The prominent groups of people in ironworking in Africa included the
A Venda people of Northern Africa and Mashona of Zimbabwe
B Mashona of Zambia and Mang’anja ofMalawi
C Nubians of Sudan and the Venda of Northern Transvaal
D Nubians of Kongo and the Mashona ofZimbabwe
E Ibo and Yoruba in West Africa.
(iv) One of the notable United Nations failurein its objectives is its inability to
A control food shortage
B eradicate colonial rule
C establish tribunes for war criminals
D prevent big powers from violating itsprinciples
E control poverty in Africa.
(v) The Boers who trekked away from thecape colony in the late 1830s were known asthe
A Voortrekkers
B Isandlahwana
C Afrikaners Bond
D Uitlanders
E Khoisan
(vi) Written records as a source of history aremore preferred to oral traditions because ofthe following reason.
A Written records do not require space
B Oral traditions can be exaggerated andit is difficult to reproduce the same contents
C Oral traditions are expressed incenturies
D Written records do not requirelanguage as a medium of communication
E Oral traditions are controlled by leaders of a given society.
(vii) Karl Peters signed a number of treatieswith African chiefs on the coastal hinterlandof Tanganyika because he wanted to
A please chancellor Bismark of Germany
B establish the unity among Africanchiefdoms
C accomplish colonial economic motivesof the German East Africa Company
D accomplish the signing of the Heligoland Treaty
E recruit the chief of Msowero to becomemember of the German East AfricanCompany.
(viii) The demise of the Portuguese in EastAfrican Coast could be explained as
A the Portuguese rivals overpoweredthem
B the Portuguese did not have enoughsoldiers and administrators to control theirempire
C Portuguese soldiers were corrupt andbrutal
D the Portuguese control of the IndianOcean trade and gold in Mwenemutapa’sempire was less profitable
E Portugal had already industrialised.
(ix) Which major problem faced independentAfrica in political aspects afterindependence?
A Low income to the majority
B Experts without white collar job
C The balance of ministers from formercolonial masters
D Size of independent states
E Imbalance in power sharing
(x) Indirect Rule was predominant in thefollowing regions
A South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe
B Uganda, Nigeria and Tanganyika
C Uganda, Kenya and Zanzibar
D Zimbabwe, Kenya and Congo
E Cameroon, Namibia and Tanganyika
ANSWERS TO QN 1.
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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vi
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vii
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viii
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ix
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x
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D
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E
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A
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D
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A
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B
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C
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A
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E
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B
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2. Match the stems in List A with the correctresponses in List B by writing the letter ofthe response beside the item number.
List A
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List B
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(i) Vasco da Gama
(ii) Kinjeketile Ngwale
(iii) Karl Peters
(iv) Samori Toure
(v) Jomo Kenyatta
(vi) The Nana and Herero resistance
(vii) Famous long distance traders in East Africa
(viii) The Kwavi
(ix) The assassination of Patrice Lumumba
(x) The Buganda Agreement of 1900.
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A Imperialist plan against progressive and revolutionary leadership in independent Africa.
B Facilitated indirect rule in Uganda.
C Alienation of land and cattle by German settlers.
D Triggered by low wages.
E Led to collapse of Central African Caravan trade.
F Nyamwezi
G Primarily agricultural section of the Masai.
H Growth of coastal city states.
I Weakness of the OAU.
J Resisted Germany colonial rule in Kenya.
K Mandinka Empire.
L The founder of KANU.
M Organized forces against Italian invasion.
N An African king traditionally known as MariJata.
O Linked Africa to Portuguese mercantilism.
P Founded Oyo Empire.
Q A German imperial agent in East Africa.
R Contributed to the rise of nationalism in Zimbabwe.
S Organized Maji Maji war against the British.
T Used ideology to organize people against Germany rule.
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ANSWERS TO QN 2.
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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vi
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vii
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viii
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ix
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x
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O
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T
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Q
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K
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L
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C
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F
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G
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A
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B
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SECTION B (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
3. (a) Draw a sketch of East Africa and mark the following important railway stations in colonial economy: Kampala to Kasese,Mombasa to Kisumu, Mombasa to Kampala,Dar es Salaam to Mpanda and Tanga toMoshi.
(b) Outline five (5) roles of the constructed means of transport during colonial period.
ANSWERS TO QN 3,
3(a) MAP OF EAST AFRICA SHOWING IMPORTANT RAILWAY STATIONS IN COLONIAL ECONOMY
(b) Five roles of means of transport during colonial period are
(i) To transport raw materials from production areas to the harbours where they are later shipped to metropolitan countries to feed European industries.
(ii) To Transport colonial officers and administrators between urban areas to supervise production of raw materials.
(iii) To transport colonial African laborers especially the migrant laborers who were working under contracts from labor reserve areas to productive areas to offer cheap labor in plantations and mines.
(iv) To transport manufactured goods after being imported in African colonies.
(v) Means of transport aimed to facilitate communication from one area to another area either of the same colony or different colony in order to make easy ruling of the colonies
4. (a) Arrange the following statements in chronological order by using number 1 to 5 to write beside the item number.
(i) The further they pushed into the interior the more the African societies were affected by this violence.
(ii) They killed, enslaved and robbed Africans of their land and cattle.
(iii) The African societies in the Mfecane area were already affected by two forces coming from European expansionism of thetime.
(iv) Their contact with Africans was constantly violent.
(v) First their was the penetration ofwhite colonialists northwards from the capeas farmers and cattle herders.
(b) In each item (i-v) there are four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One sentence is missing. Identify the missing sentence from the sentences given below each item and write its letter beside the item number.
(i) 1. Just like their neighbours Uganda and Tanganyika, the Kenyans resisted the imposition of colonial rule.
2. Here also some local rulers collaborated with the imperialists while others adopted armed action against the enemy.
3__________________
4. The Mazrui Arabs had earlier disputedthe sovereignity of the Sultan of Zanzibar over their territory.
5. In fact, they had hoped that after the departure of Imperial British East African Company in 1893 they might regain theirindependence.
A The next major resistance was staged by Chagga in northern Tanganyika.
B The Mazrui dynasty and their supporters along the coast of Kenya led the first armed uprising against Britishoccupation.
C The Luyia of the Kavirondo collaborated with British and Germans in South.
D The people finally resolved to get ridof this oppression and exploitation in July1905.
E The Masai were not attacked byseveral natural disasters especially cholera, small pox and rinderpest during the time ofresistance.
(ii) 1. The art of making iron was one of the most important discoveries for man’s social and economic development.
2. The people who involved themselves in iron industry were called blacksmiths who learned how to identify rocks containing iron ore.
3. .
4. In many societies for example, women were not allowed to go near furnaces while iron processing was in progress.
5. African iron smiths were found among the Venda, Mashona, Mang’anja and people around Kalambo falls.
A In the early period the knowledge ofiron working was known to every one in asociety.
B In the early period, the knowledge of iron working was known by men only.
C In the early period the knowledge ofiron working was kept secret in order to maintain the monopoly of black smiths.
D In the early period the knowledge ofiron working was confined to African chiefs and their sons.
E In the early period the knowledge of iron working was also practiced by theQueens.
(iii) 1. Clan organization was formed by several related families which were early permanent agricultural societies
2. .
3. Clan organization developed both in Matrilineal and Patrilineal societies.
4. In Matrilineal societies the clan heritage was based on the mother e.g. the Makonde, Yao and Makua
5. In Patrilineal societies the clan heritage was based on father e.g. the Hehe, Bena and Haya.
A The people in the clan organization were governed by grandfathers and mothers.
B The people in the clan organizationwere governed by clan heads.
C The people in clan organization were governed by chiefs.
D The people in clan organization were governed by the king.
E The people in clan organization were governed by all elder people in the clan.
(iv) 1. The UN secretariat headquarters is in New York.
2. It administers peace keeping operations in many countries which are inwars.
3. It implements the decisions of the General Assembly.
4. It mediates international disputes.
5. .
A It fixes sanctions on the aggressive states.
B It takes military actions againstaggressors.
C It recommends the admission of new members.
D It draws annual budget of the UN.
E It formulates plans for theestablishment of a system to regulatearmament.
(v) 1. Peasant agriculture was cultivation ofcrops by Africans around their homestead.
2. .
3. In East Africa this form of production mainly took place in Uganda.
4. The peasants produced coffee and cotton then sold it to the colonialist at low price.
5. In Tanganyika there was a form of peasant agriculture in Buhaya, Kilimanjaro, Tukuyu and Usukuma after 1926.
A In East Africa Lord Delamere started opening plantations in Uganda in 1903.
B Peasants also grew tea, tobacco,pyrethrum, and rubber using machines and modern ways.
C It was production of cash crops in big farms.
D There were larger estates which were created through land alienation.
E They depended on family labour which used traditional tools like hoes, axes and knives.
ANWERS TO QN 4. (a)
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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4
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5
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1
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3
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2
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(b)
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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B
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B
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B
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D
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E
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SECTION C (60 Marks)
Answer three (3) questions from this section.
5. Account for the rise and fall of Oyo Empire in the 19th century.
6. Examine the reasons for the development of the Trans-Saharan Trade and the effects it brought in the Western Sudanic region.
7. With examples from East or West Africa, show how company rule helped to create European colonization in Africa.
8. Briefly analyse the pattern of colonial infrastructure in mainland Tanzania and show how it facilitated exploitation of thecountry.
9. Account for the Ethiopia’s successful resistance against colonialism.
10.Explain the strengths and weaknesses ofthe United Nations Organisation in Africanmajor issues.
ANSWERS TO QUESTION 5-10
5. Oyo empire began in the late of 14th Century or 15t Century likely 1388-1431. The people of Oyo were Oranmiyan, their capital was Oyo-ile and the king of Oyo was called Alafin. The Bashoran was the leader of the army.
The following were the rise of Oyo Empire
i. Development of local industries.
ii. Agricultural activities
iii. Slave trade
iv. Dahomey tributary
v. Oyo empire ad organized politically system headed by number of great Alafins.
vi. Strong organized army.
viii. Engagement in the long distance trade
The following were the fall of Oyo Empire
i. Conflict between Alafin and Bashon
ii. Conquest from Fulani and Dahomey
iii. Civil war and Disunity.
iv. Collapse of central authority.
v. British intervention
vi. Economic decline
vii. Decline of military power.
6. Trans-Saharan trade requires travel across the Sahara (north and south) to reach sub-Saharan Africa from the North African coast, Europe, to the Levant. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century.
The following were the reasons for the development of Trans Saharan Trade in Western Sudanic region
i. Existence of the local trade which laid the foundation for the Trans-Saharan Trade
ii. Well establishment trade routes made it easy for travelers to travel across the desert.
iii. Presence of Berbers who provided capital for the merchants.
iv. Demands for goods from the west and north such as beads, gold, kola nuts and copper.
v. Availability of trade goods for example ivory
vi. Presence of Tuaregs who served as guides across the desert.
vii. Well established security provided by Tuaregs
The following were the effects of Trans Saharan Trade in Western Sudanic region
i. Spread of Islamic religion
ii. Introduction of new goods from external worlds to West Africa such as Iron tools.
iii. Development of education.
iv. People involved on Trans Saharan trade became rich and powerful.
v. Introduction of Camel as a major means of transport
7. Company rule was the one of the principles of Berlin conference was effective occupation to the colonies, therefore soon after Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. European countries started to use various companies to administer their respective colonies, after granting them with the royal charter. During this time European countries used concessionary companies to colonize Africa on behalf of their mother country. Example private companies granted right to colonize at their own expenses in the name of European government concerned. Also another example in East Africa the imperial British East Africa Company used.
The following show how company rule helped to create the European colonization in Africa.
i. The companies made treaties and agreements of protections with local chiefs.
Treaties and agreements of protections enabled Europeans government to demand and verify occupation of African territory.
ii. Companies opened up the interior of Africa by the construction of the means of transport in order to simplify the taping of African raw materials ready for their shipment to Europe.
iii. The chartered companies played a great role in the companies against slave trade in Africa to meet capitalist interest of colonization Africa.
iv. Companies had a role of attracting European settlers in Africa by occupying territories in Africa and inviting their nationals to come and invest in those occupied territories.
v. Companies were engaged in the suppression of African opposition to colonial rule, enforced administrative law and order and recruited policies that were used to maintain internal order, peace and stability.
vi. Companies pioneered the exploitation of African resources that were highly needed by European powers by establishing monopoly of exploitation of these resources in the colonies.
8. Colonia infrastructure was the means of transport and communication network such as roads, railways, harbors and telecommunications established and used by colonialists during colonial period. The aim of the Europeans was to exploit Africa’s natural and human resources; they provided some basic, social and economic infrastructural facilities these included transport and communication services such as roads, railways, harbors and telecommunications.
The following show how pattern in mainland Tanzania facilitated exploitation of the country.
i. Colonial infrastructures were used to transport raw materials.
ii. Colonial infrastructures were used to transport researchers.
iii. Colonial infrastructures were used to transport laborers.
iv. Colonial infrastructures were used to transport agents of civilization for example the traders and missionaries.
v. Colonial infrastructures were used to transport the colonial administration.
vi. Colonial infrastructures were used to transport soldiers.
vii. The colonial government developed feeder road as they did not want the road traffic to complete with the railway transport.
viii. The roads and the railways ran perpendicular to the coast in order to ensure market for the manufactured goods from Europeans. Also were used to connect the productive centers with transportation and exportation centers i.e. Tanga-Moshi, mwanza, [sisal, coffee] Dar es Salaam, Tabora- Mwanza.
9. Ethiopian resistance was reaction against imposition of the Italy colonial rule in Ethiopia in 1889 to 1913 under the leadership of MENELIK II.
Menelik II began his career in southern Ethiopia by expanding his empire, following the death of john IV in 1889; he was assisted by the Italians and declared himself emperor by signing the uncial treaty on May 2nd 1889. He was a great diplomat who commanded popularity and public attention of many people including kings and the British. He is said to have influenced Ras Mangusha of Tiger to his side to scare the Italians who liked to impose their rule in Tiger and other Northern states.
The following were the reasons Ethiopia’s successful resistance against colonialism
i. Menelik success in safeguarding the Adowa army against the Italians altered Europeans view regarding Ethiopia from one of a potential colony to an equal sovereign state.
ii. Language united the people of Ethiopia.
The people of Ethiopia had a strong belief in the common historical origin. Moreover they shared a common religion of Christianity in which they were strong adherent and they had strong attachment to the Solomonia Dynasty.
iii. The geography of Ethiopia also helped to safeguard the independence of the country.
iv. Ethiopia was lucky to have leaders who were talented in leadership and organization.
That factor contributed to the defense and conquering of the Italians and preservation of their political independence.
v. Ethiopian leaders manipulated European antagonism among them for their own advantage.
vi. The Ethiopians had established long a high spirit of national feeling and national unity.
vii. Little economic endowments and lack of mineral potentials have been advanced factors why Ethiopians escaped Europe and imperialism.
10. United Nations Organization (UNO)was formed in 1945 with the main objective of maintaining peace in the world. The UN formed the trusteeship council which had to make sure all colonies gain their independence by using peaceful means. Tanganyika is one of the countries that benefited from UN because it was a trusteeship territory.
The following were the strengths of United Nations Organization in African major issues.
i. UNO promoted peace and security in Africa.
ii. UNO contributed to the equitable and sustainable development in Africa.
iii. UNO promoted democracy In Africa
iv. UNO contributed to the economic and monetary stability.
v. UNO provided humanitarian aids through WHO and UNHCR
The following are the weakness of United Nations Organization in African major issues.
i. The new contemporary global challenges are jeopardizing its solidity and effectiveness.
An example comes from the spread of security threats, such as transnational terrorism and illicit arms trade.
ii. Weakness concerning the UNO’s functioning is related to the lack of democratic mechanisms and accountability, which affects its structure.
The composition of the Security Council still reflects the power distribution of 1945 as the five permanent members (United States, France, United Kingdom, China and Russia) hold more powers and prerogatives (e.g. the veto power) than the non-permanent ones. Since the power distribution has strongly changed during the last decades and values of equality between sovereign states have spread in the international community, the composition of the Security Council appears to be anachronistic.
iii. Main deficiency of the UNO system consists in the absence of a mechanism to empower the judgements of the International Court of Justice in Africa.
iv. Failed to resolve conflicts
v. Mismanagement of development funds.
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