SOLVING OF HISTORY NECTA 2011
(For Both School and Private Candidates)
SECTION A (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
Answer all questions in this section.
1.For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number.
(i) Which is not true about History?
A History is a study of changes in the process of material production.
B History shows man’s struggle against nature.
C History shows the changing relationship between human beings in the course of material production.
D History is a record of human activities.
E History is a study of great heroes.
(ii) Which among the following describes Homosapiens correctly?
A Thinking man.
B Tool maker.
C Early man.
D Modern man.
E Man at early Stone Age.
(iii) Which of the following was not a reason for the coming of Europeans to Africa before 1800?
A To find an alternative route to India and Far East.
B To abolish slave trade and introduce Christianity.
C To find a new source of trade.
D To look for gold, silver and spices in Africa and Asia.
E To capture and control the Indian Ocean trade.
(iv) The leader of Chimurenga uprising of 1896-1897 in Rhodesia were
A Mkwati and Kinjekitile
B Siginyamatish and Lobengula.
C Mkwati and Siginyamatish.
D Mkwati and Lobengula.
E Lobengula and Rumunguru.
(v) The disintegration of Soviet Union influenced the
A demise of socialism and monopartism.
B collapse of the League of Nations.
C end of VETO system in the UNO.
D disintegration of the Non Alignment Movement.
E fragmentation of NATO.
(vi) Which of the following statements is true about the ancient Empire of Mali?
A It first came into power with the defeat of Sundiata by Sumanguru.
B It was overthrown by invasion from Ghana.
C It extended its boundaries as far as Lake Chad.
D It grew rich by controlling Trans Saharan trade.
E It was formed after the collapse of Songhai Empire.
(vii)
A 1895
B 1886
C 1889
D 1893
E 1896
(viii)The idea of forming an organisation ofNon Aligned Countries originated at
A Bandung Afro Asian Congress in 1955.
B Bandung Afro Asian Congress in 1961.
C Belgrade Yugoslavia in 1955.
D Belgrade Yugoslavia in 1961.
E United Socialist Union of Russia in 1961.
(ix) Which of the following was not encouraged by the policies of Ujamaa inTanzania?
A The cooperative movement.
B Regional development for equity.
C Villagisation Camps.
D People’s self projects.
E People’s development through selfreliance.
(x) The Trans Atlantic slave trade had thefollowing outcome except
A loss of African culture.
B loss of African technology.
C loss of manpower in Africa.
D the growth of forest states of Benin, Oyo and Ife.
E scramble of Africa by Europeannations.
ANSWERS TO QN 1.
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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vi
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vii
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viii
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ix
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x
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C
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D
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B
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C
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A
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D
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C
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D
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D
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E
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2.Match the stems in List A with the correctresponses in List B by writing the letter ofthe response beside the item number.
List A
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List B
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(i) George Goldie
(ii) Mputa Maseko
(iii) Harry Johnson
(iv) Munyigumba
(v) Hassan bin Omari Makunganya
(vi) Otto Von Bismarck
(vii) Joseph Merinyo
(viii) Martin Kayamba
(ix) Kalonga Muzura
(x) Nzinga Nkuwu
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A A Germany trader in Kilimanjaro after 1886.
B The chief of Hehe.
C Led a group of Ngoni which settled in Ufipa.
D Formed Tanganyika Territory civil service association.
E The Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association of 1925.
F Led resistance against the Germany in Tanganyika.
G Usambara Native Growers Association of 1931.
H Baptized Don Affonso by Portuguese in Congo.
I Organized Mwenemutapa kingdom towards its growth andexpansion.
J Resisted Germany colonial rule in Kenya.
K Loyal NigerCompany.
L Baptized John I.
M Imperial British East African Company.
N Organized Malavi kingdom to highest stage of its growth and expansion.
O Formed Tanganyika Federation of labour.
P Berlin Conference.
Q Led resistance against British penetration in the interior of East Africa.
R Led a group of Ngoni which settled at Mngongoma in Tanganyika.
S A British trader in Kilimanjaro before 1886.
T The chief of Bena.
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ANSWES TO QN 2.
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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vi
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vii
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viii
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ix
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x
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K
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R
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S
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B
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F
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P
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E
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D
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N
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L
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SECTION B (20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
ANSWERS TO QN 3.
ANSWERS TO QN 5-10
3. (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa and on itshow the following sites of African resistances:
(i) Nama and Herero
(ii) Mandika
(iii) AbushiriBwana Heri
(iv) Adowa
(v) Chimurenga.
(b) For each resistance in (a) above, mention the European nations which were resisted by Africans.
ANSWERS TO QN 3.
3. (a) MAP OF AFRICA SHOWING SITES OF AFRICAN RESISTANCES
4. (a) Arrange the following statements inchronological order by writing number 1 to 5beside the item number.
(i) The majimaji war was unique in the way it united a number of different tribes in common rebellion.
(ii) The German authorities were surprised when their headquarters and officials were attacked.
(iii) The last and most serious revolt against German rule broke out in July 1905.
(iv) The immediate cause of discontent was the government’s cotton scheme.
(v) A prophet named Kinjekitile of Ngarambe declared that magic water will turn bullets into water.
(b) The items (i) - (iv) consist of four sentences which form a complete historical meaning. One sentence is missing. Identify the missing sentence from the sentences given after each set of items and write its letter beside the item number.
(i) 1. The First World War lasted from 1914 to1918.
2. It was primarily a struggle between the major powers of Europe.
3_______________
4. Although the First World War involved purely European issues, it was inevitable that the overseas empires of the two sides would be involved.
A Britain, France and their allies werefighting against Germany, Austria and Turkey.
B The killing of Franz Archduke became one of the long term causes of war.
C Germans, France and Italy joined and fight against triple alliance of
Britain, Russia and USA.
D Tanganyika was to be under German rule after the war.
E All European Nations struggled for colonies in the Balkan states.
(ii) 1. Indirect rule was introduced by Lugard in northern Nigeria.
2. It became necessary for British to find collaborators to colonise Africa.
3. .
4 The local Africans chiefs appointed their own officials but with approval of the British colonial officials.
A German and Portuguese also applied indirect rule system of administration in their colonies.
B Under the indirect rule African chiefs were instruments of colonial local government.
C Under indirect rule the colonialists appointed Akidas and Jumbes to assist colonial officers.
D The presence of many colonial officers enabled the introduction of indirect rule.
E The presence of few settlers in Africa influenced the introduction of indirect rule in order to incorporate Africans in settler plantations.
(iii) 1. Just like their neighbours of Uganda and German East Africa, the Kenyans resisted the imposition of colonial rule.
2. .
3. The Manzrui dynasty and theirsupporters led the first armed uprisingagainst the British occupation.
4. They hoped that after the departure ofthe Imperial British East African Company they might regain their independence.
A Some local rulers collaborated withthe imperialists while others resisted.
B All Africans in Kenya were against imposition of colonial rule hence they resisted the imperialists.
C The imperial British East Africancompany of William MacKinnon became very famous and enabled many Africans inKenya to accept colonial rule.
D In some places Africans resisted theimperialists because they had suffered greatly from natural calamities.
E The colonialists imported soldiers from abroad in order to silence Nandi resistance.
(iv) 1. Man learnt how to make iron tools about 3,000 years ago.
2. In Africa the knowledge of making and using iron tools developed at different times and different places.
3. It is believed that the first people to make and use iron were the people in Egypt and Ethiopia around 600 B.C.
4. .
A The use of iron became very important for development of hunting and gathering in most African societies.
B By the beginning of the Christian era the idea of iron was already developed along River Niger basin.
C African pastoralist activity was accompanied with iron technology.
D Crop and animal husbandry was a crucial turning point in the history of man.
E Around 200 B.C. Meroe, Axum and Nok had become important iron smeltingcentres.
(v) 1. The first major area of contact between East Africa and capitalist world was trade.
2. .
3. Before 1850s, the major commodities sought from East Africa were slaves and ivory.
4. Slaves were destined for Gulf States to work in date plantations and others to Mauritius and Reunion islands to work in sugar plantations.
A By 1845 all major capitalist powers had signed treaties of friendship with Sultan of Zanzibar in order to get slaves.
B East Africa was integrated in the system of international trade through operation of merchant capital.
C Like the rest of the continent, East Africa was grossly affected by the growth of monopoly capitalism.
D Intensive competition and declining of home market led to drastic drop in profit.
E Kilwa and Mozambique Island attracted much of trade from the southern interior of East Africa.
ANSWERS TO QN 4. (a)
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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3
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4
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5
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2
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1
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(b)
i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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v
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B
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B
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A
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E
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D
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SECTION C (60 Marks)
Answer three (3) questions from this section.
5. Account for six reasons that led to the scramble for and partition of Africa in the second half of the 19th century.
6.Analyse eight impacts of coastal based long distance trade system on social, political and economic development of East African societies during the 19th century.
7. Elaborate six ways in which the Zanzibar Revolution brought positive changes in the living conditions of the people of Isles.
8. Examine eight challenges of Non Aligned organisation.
9.“The independence of Ghana of 1957 strengthened the struggle for independence for other African States.” Justify by giving six relevant points.
10. Discuss the three stages through which slave trade was abolished in East Africa during the 19th century.
ANSWERS TO QN 5-10
5. Scramble meant a great struggle for colonies on the African continent among the European powers.
Partition means the dividing up of the African continent among the scrambling European
powers.
The scramble for and partition of Africa was the outcome of the activities of the missionaries, explorers, traders and the chartered companies in Africa. The scramble for and partition of Africa took place in the second half of the 19th century.
The following were the reasons for the scramble for and partition of Africa in the second half of the 19th century
i. Development of capitalism on Europe from industries to monopoly stage in 1870’s this created the demand of new markets, more raw materials, area to invest their capital, cheap labour, area to dump unemployed white men,
ii. National prestige
The possession of colonies was considered as a symbol of greatness and respect. For example Germany and Italy struggled for colonies with the aim of acquiring national prestige.
iii. Balance of power
The balance of power was disrupted by Franco- Prussian war of 1870-1871 [was between France and Germany]. Germany rose to power after defeating France and seizing her provinces like Alsace for production of coal and Lorraine for iron. There after France began to scramble for colonies in order to regain its power and compensate for the lost provinces.
iv. The growth of European nationalism especially in Germany and Italy in 1870-1871
This was union of various small European states which were ruled by princes into bigger empires. In Germany the unification was made under OTTO VON BISMARK while in Italy was created by VICTOR EMANNUEL.
- This unification made their countries to praise their culture and declared a mission to civilize other cultures hence Germany and Italy rushed to scramble for colonies in Africa.
v. Strategic importance of some areas in the African continent,
such as Egypt ( Was scrambled for by British and France because of the use of the Suez Canal as a short cut and getaway to the British colony of India and the Indian Ocean where France monopolized sugar production). South Africa (Because the British and the Dutch exploit Gold and Diamonds). The Congo basin (Scramble for by Belgium, France and also Portugal because of minerals like Gold and Copper).Navigable Rivers (Fertile soil for production of rubber and High population for creation of market labor).Niger Valley(European powers, French, British and German scrambled for because of navigation, agriculture and high population). Humanitarian reason ( Has been given by European nation’s historians that, they scrambled for the African continent in order to civilize African societies).
vi. Berlin conference;
This conference stimulated the scramble for because each power exerted a colony proportionally.
vii. Role played by missionaries, explores and traders.
vii. Claims to stop slave trade and spread.
6. Long distance trade was the trade carried out long distance as people or traders had to move for a long distance going on exchanging goods with others societies and the major aim was to get profit example a salt traders exchanged salt with hoes not because he wanted to use the hoes but he wanted to re sell them at a profit later. An example of long distance trade was Trans Saharan trade
The following were the impacts of coastal long distance trade system on social, political and economic development of East African societies during 19th Century
i. Led to colonization of East Africa
ii. Intermarriage between East African communities
iii. Cultural interaction e.g. dance and language
iv. Led to development of money economy
v. A lot of suffering as a result of slave trade in the interior
vi. Towns developed into commercial centers e.g. Mombasa, Lamu
vii. Volume of local and regional trade increased due to the variety of new goods introduced
viii. A class of wealthy merchants emerged e.g. Chief Kivoi of Ukambani
ix. Foreign goods such as beads, cloth and plates were introduced to the peoples of East Africa
x. New crops were introduced in the Kenyan coast e.g. bananas, rise, sugarcane and mangoes
xi. Slave trade led to the development of plantation agriculture
xii. Trade routes and market developed in the region-later used as highways by the British
7. Revolution is the process of removing the existing government. OR Is a discontented reaction through violence exercised by the majority of the country population in order to gain recognition or reform when legal and moderate means of political or social change fail.
Zanzibar revolution was a complete overthrow of the Arab government by the Africans who were subjected to it. It was a fundamental alteration of principle and practices of Arab Sultan government by the African people. The Revolution was organized by the ASP under sheikh Aman Karume with the support from Umma party under Mohamed Babu in 12 Jan 1964.
The following were the six ways in which Zanzibar revolution brought positive changes in the living conditions of the people of Isles
i. The Africans who had lost their land got it back.
The government nationalized plantations and distributed among Africans to grow crops.
ii. The government built schools and colleges to provide educated freely up to university level.
iii. The government promoted peoples’ participation in government; hash ranking jobs which were held by the Arabs were given to Africans. To date the head of government is African.
iv. The government built good houses in different areas and distributed them to people freely; they were built in Uelen, Chakechake, and Mkwajuni. Transport; Government brought ships like MV Mapinduzi, MV Maendeleo to provide transport to the people, also government constructed roads to improve means of transport.
v. Before revolution, people of Zanzibar were known as citizen of Sultan but after revolution people were given citizenship of Zanzibar.
vi. The union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar 26 April, 1964.
8. The Non Aligned Organization is an organization comprising of less developed countries in the world. Its emergence could be traced back to the 1950’s after a number Asian countries attained political independence.
The Bandung Conference that was held in Indonesia in 1955 marked the birth of the Non Aligned Organization. Some of the participants in this conference were Jawarlal Nehru, the Indian Premier, Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt, President Sukarno, Indonesia and Chov En lai, the Chinese
Premier: The Non Aligned Organization was established as an alternative to membership of either the Eastern bloc or the Western bloc
The following were the challenges of Non Aligned Organization
i. Personality differences among African Member states.
Some leaders can not seat at the same table with leader of fellow member states, thus complicating the work of the organization
ii. The break- up of the former Soviet Union made some of African member states to assume that the role of the organization has come to an end.
iii. Absence of enforcement machinery such as military or peacekeeping mechanism within the movement effect its efficacy in terms of enforcing its policies
iv. Many African member states in Non Aligned Organization are still economically weak, thus still suffer from political instability, which in turn under miles their involvement in global affairs
v. The dependency of many African countries on their former coloural masters has further undermined the power of the Non- Aligned movement,
For example the Cote d’ivoire opposition appealed to France for assistance to dislodge the former president Laurent Ghaghbo during the 2010- 11 past election crisis.
vi. African member states of the Non Aligned Organization experienced ideological differences among themselves although this pledged neutrality in affairs affecting major powers of the world. This slows down the efficiency of its movement.
9. Ghana was one of the first African countries that attained independence by the use of peaceful methods or constitutional method in 1957. Ghana was initially calledGold coast.
Ghana attained successful independence due to absence of tribalism, strong leadership, clear policies, common language, absence of many white settlers etc.
The independence of Ghana in 1957 marked a turning point in Africa, it played a great role in ensuring the rest of the continent is liberated from colonial rule and this cause was led by Kwame Nkurumah.
The following show how independence of Ghana of 1957 strengthening the Strule for independence for other African states
i. Inspiration
The independence of Ghana in 1957 inspired many African countries to fight for their independence as well. Kwame Nkurumah acted as a limelight to other African states that were still under colonialism to fight for their independence. This is one of the reasons that encouraged Africans to use armed struggle so as to attain independence.
ii. Material support.
Ghana under Kwame Nkurumah provided financial support to most of the nationalist movements in Africa that were fighting for independence. The financial and moral support given by Nkurumah inspired many African countries to fight against colonial rule.
iii. Headquarters of the pan African movement.
Following the independence of Ghana in 1957, Accra the capital city of Ghana became the headquarters of the pan African movement. The Pan African movement played a significant role in the independence of Ghana. In 1958 all independent states such as Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Tunisia and Ghana met in Accra where they laid strategies on how to help other African countries to attain independence.
iv. Encouraged African unity.
Kwame Nkurumah contributed to the independent of many African countries by encouraging unity in the continent. He convened a meeting for all African trade unions in 1959 with the aim to unite all African states into a confederation. African unity was a crucial factor if African was to succeed against colonial rule.
v. Put pressure on France.
Kwame Nkurumah exerted a lot of pressure on France to grant independence to Algeria. In 1959 to 1960 a team of delegates from Africa, Britain and America went to monitor the situation in Algeria. It was Nkurumah who took initiative of such a visit. Ghana also pressurized France to end her dominated in West Africa.
vi. The role of radio Ghana.
Radio Ghana played a great role in the struggle for independence. It became the mouth piece of African nationalist movements to air out their feelings towards colonial government exploitation and oppression. Broad casting on the radio led to massive support for the nationalist both in and outside Africa.
vii. Ghana became the model.
Ghana under Nkurumah became the model for all African countries to emulate. Nkurumah once said that if he could, he would have delayed the independence of Ghana until a time when other Africa countries are independent. The position of Ghana encouraged many African countries to struggle for independence.
10. Slave is the person who is illegally owned and controlled by another person and is forced to work for them.
Slave trade is the activity of buying and selling human beings like other commodities.
Slave trade in East Africa began after the arrival of Portuguese in 15th Century up to 1873 during the Sayyid Barghash treaty or free treaty.
The following were the steps in which the slave trade was abolished in East Africa durin 19th century
i. Mores by treaty on 1822
The treaty was signed between Captain Moresby and Sultan of Oman Seyyid Said. The treaty prevents Sultan from selling slave outside his dominion. It did not allow slaves to be sold in Indian, Arabia, Persia and French Island like Reunion.
ii. Hamerton Treaty on 1845
The treaty was signed between the British counselor Hamerton and Sultan Seyyid Said. The treaty limited slave trade to Seyyid Said’s East African areas. It prevented slaves from being sold north of Brava.
iii. Frere mission treaty of 1873
Zanzibar slave market was down closed in 1873; it was a treaty between Bartle Frere and Sultan Barghash to end slave trade. Later the British sent Sir. John Kirk to stop slave trade.
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